Linux Shortcuts Every Newbie Should Know

Rai    Linux     binary, clear, command, Linux, reset, screen, shortcut, terminal, text

Linux Shortcuts Every Newbie Should Know

One thing that Linux is not so popular of is that it has quite a few keyboard shortcuts that every Linux user should know. Here are a few examples of Linux shortcuts that will help anyone who uses Linux.

<Ctrl><Alt><F1>
Switch to the first text terminal. Under Linux you can have several (6 in standard setup) terminals opened at the same time.

<Ctrl><Alt><Fn> (n=1..6)
Switch to the nth text terminal.

tty
Print the name of the terminal in which you are typing this command.

<Ctrl><Alt><F7>
Switch to the first GUI terminal (if X-windows is running on this terminal).

<Ctrl><Alt><Fn> (n=7..12)
Switch to the nth GUI terminal (if a GUI terminal is running on screen n-1). By default, nothing is running on terminals 8 to 12, but you can run another server there.

<Tab>
(In a text terminal) Autocomplete the command  if there is only one option, or else show all the available options.

<ArrowUp>
Scroll and edit the command history. Press <Enter> to execute.

<Shift><PgUp>
Scroll terminal output up. Work also at the login prompt, so you can scroll through your bootup messages.

<Shift><PgDown>
Scroll terminal output down.

<Ctrl><Alt><+>
(in X-windows) Change to the next X-server resolution (if you set up the X-server to more than one resolution). For multiple resolutions on my standard SVGA card/monitor, I have the following line in the file /etc/X11/XF86Config (the first resolution starts on default, the largest determines the size of the “virtual screen”):
Modes “1024×768″ “800×600″ “640×480″ “512×384″ “480×300″ “400×300″ “1152×864″

<Ctrl><Alt><->
(in X-windows) Change to the previous X-server resolution.

<Ctrl><Alt><BkSpc>
(in X-windows) Kill the current X-windows server. Use if the X-windows server crushes and cannot be exited normally.

<Ctrl><Alt><Del>
Shut down the system and reboot. This is the normal shutdown command for a user at the text-mode console. Don’t just press the “reset” button for shutdown!

<Ctrl>c
Kill the current process (mostly in the text mode for small applications).

<Ctrl>d
Log out from the current terminal.  See also the next command.

<Ctrl>d
Send [End-of-File] to the current process. Don’t press it twice else you also log out (see the previous command).

How to Use watch Command

Rai    Linux     command, Linux, ps, repeat, results, stdout, Tips, trick, watch

If you need to execute a certain command repeatedly, you may use the watch command to do the repeating for you.

In this example, the command ps will be run every 2 seconds to monitor how fast the new processes spawn:

$ watch -n2 "ps aux|grep http"

The watch command will run ps every two seconds and it will display the output in stdout. You may increase or decrease the interval as necessary. This is useful if you want to monitor a process at certain time intervals. Personally, I use this to check for processes that spawns children way too fast.

Send Email in One Line

Rai    Linux     command line, email, Linux, mail, one line, receive, send, test

I use this nifty one liner to test if a Linux machine can send emails.

$ echo "This is the body of the email" | mail -s "This is the subject" rai@email.com

You need to install the package mailx (Red Hat or Fedora) to have the mail command.

How to Use the alias Command

Rai    Linux     alias, bash, code, command, hack, Linux, rhel, shortcut, Tips, trick

Let us say you execute the command ‘ls –alh’ every time you need a long listing of files and directories. Now you want a shortcut to do this. Fortunately, you can do so by using the command alias.

The alias command is useful for creating shortcuts for long commands or for correcting typing mistakes.

To create a shortcut for ls, you can do this:

$ alias ls=”ls -alh”

Now, everytime you execute ls command, it will be run as if you are executing the whole ls –alh command. Be reminded that this will replace the existing ls command. You may use a different name for the new shortcut like so:

$ alias ll=”ls -alh”

However, once you exit the current terminal, the alias will not be saved. To make the alias permanent, you may edit the .bashrc file in user’s home directory:

$ vi ~rai/.bashrc

Then insert the alias command after the line that says #system wide functions and aliases. Save and exit.

That should do it!

How to Fix the Terminal After Viewing Binary File

Rai    Linux     binary, clear, command, Linux, reset, screen, terminal, text

Every now and then, I open up a file only to realize that it is a binary file (yes, I keep ignoring the warning that I am about to view a binary file, not text). Then the terminal ends up messy, or in other words, wonky. The characters have turned out in various colors, the lines are indented, and you can’t see what you are typing.

To fix it, run this command:

$ reset

As the name implies, this will reset the terminal back to its normal state.